Personal satement Example

Essays on Personal satement Personal Statement Personal ment Business involves transactional activities of purchasing and selling of goods and services in exchange for money to earn some profit. To sustain these activities and generate profit continuously over time, proficiently rich management skills that will harness, coordinate and harmonise all the operations within the organisation in all departments and units are essential to ensure that the system functions effectively as required. Key in business management is the element of leadership. Theorists describe management as the core unit or subsidiaries that are solely depend on the ‘core’ to operate. Any aspiring entrepreneur who has dreams of ever succeeding in business venture, therefore, has to keenly consider business management course that will equip them with the scientific tact of effectively running their businesses. It is for this reason that I am applying for business management course so that upon completion, I will be equipped both with the theoretica l and practical skills and knowledge that will inform my actions and behaviours in the running process of a business enterprise. The course will enable me understand the dynamics and challenges experienced in the business environment and provide suitable ways of solving them. Of special interest to me in the area of business is the one-on-one interaction that business activities provide with employees, customers, suppliers, competitors among others. Today, business has grown and radicalised so much that everyone in one way or the other is engaged in some sort of business. Most of the developments seen today in the world today have been brought about by business or business-related activities. The desire to expand and grow in business has seen the development of several infrastructural facilities raising the standards of living of the local people in those areas where the transactions are happening. Business management in particular is scientific in nature and that means that it uses systematic approaches in analysing and studying the dynamics of business. This greatly intrigues me since aspects such as procedures, research and analysis in business are embedded on scientific models and carried out through systematic criteria that increase the level of accu racy, validity and reliability. For instance, business models, SWOT analysis and theories associated to these are all founded on strong tested scientific grounds. I stand out as uniquely creative and innovative individual who constructs almost ‘everything out of nothing’. I am goal-oriented person who commits every effort I have to see my objective met. With strong determination and will-power, my motivation level is constantly high and requires little or no reinforcement to deliver an impressive performance. I am a strong proponent of teamwork and my abilities to easily interact and coordinate with other players reinforce my organisational skills that are significant in this line of profession. Business management requires team-play and positively coordinated efforts to create a healthy professional relationship between the management and the employees and even amongst the employees themselves. My entrepreneurial skills can be demonstrated by the fact that I have established and successfully managed my own personal business which currently commands a vast market base in its area of operation. In the international arena, I have an other business that despite the regular challenges has exemplarily performed and produced unbelievable outcomes. These personal business ventures have provided me with an extensive, relevant experience and a basic foundation that is essential in furthering my business career both in the local and international arenas. Having completed a course in Information Technology (IT), my knowledge-base has been broadened and perspectives on other aspects such as information technology in business have, as a result, widened. With the progressive advancement of technology, the need to understand deeply the trends in modern information patterns and changes that are emerging is a prerequisite if effective business management is to be anticipated. Globalisation has brought the world into a small town and only through insight into current information technology systems can international trade be enabled. The program is relevant to business management because it has equipped me with an understanding of the role of current information system in promoting business through forums such as the social media platforms among others as well as putting communication mechanisms in an organisation that promote free-flow of activities and performance. Coupled with the basic leadership training I have received, I will find business management program suitable and efficient. Throughout the management operations of my personal business, I have showed classical leadership skills that have seen my business, composed of numerous workers, run smoothly, record great profits and grow steadily. My outstanding critical and analytical skills have also helped me make sound decisions in case of a problem and focusing on business management would be beneficial as it requires similar skills. It is worth pointing out that I am a risk taker and driving an organisation into a ‘Blue Sea’ after careful analysis and evaluation has been done forms part of my duties. I am an out-going person who likes to socialise and interact with people. My extrovert personality enables me to form relationships and alliances with people very easily and this has assisted me in managing and cooperating with the people I work with. Honesty, integrity and serv ant-leadership virtues are my key pillars in my business undertakings. These three values will help me to work with accountability and responsibility frameworks that eventually facilitate my high performance in every single aspect of my management operations. I am gifted time manager who schedules activities and executes tasks within a specific timeframe and since business management values time, I will fit in quite well. I am particularly passionate about, professional networking, sports, news, questions and answer games and travelling. I do question and answer games to keep my mind challenged and stimulated such that it can perform even better when faced with an extremely challenging crisis as seen in various management challenges. I travel severally when to explore and keep updated with the current situations in the society which helps me make informed decision and construct strategies that are based on well researched information. Management may require individuals to make numerous moves and only those who take the long journeys as a hobby may enjoy the field. An example is when managers travel out of the country for business summits and conventions which may last for several days or weeks. With this passion, I am best placed to diligently carry out managerial duties and respond to obligations. As already mentioned, I have a vast work experience of over ten years in business field on the local and international platforms. The business I own has presented me with an opportunity to do a pilot study about what business management is exactly. With a considerable number of workers under my supervision and regulation who I related with on a daily basis directing and assisting them where necessary, I have developed confidence, leadership and managerial skills among others that have commissioned me for a professional career in business management. The encounter I have had with management has drawn me closer to this practice since I can directly appraise my efforts and contribution through the ultimate performance of the employees and general organisational production outcome. Through this job, I have been also able to learn diverse nuances of people (customers and employees) thereby increasing my overall competence in management practice. The many challenges I have experienced in m anaging my business have provided with resilience to function in a very challenging environment and have enhanced my problem-solving skills. I have also worked in many other positions such as admin assistant, customer service officer ad estate sales assistant; all adding to the bundle of experience in my career growth. Based on the above discussed qualifications, work experience, personality and traits, hobbies and interest, business management course requirements parallel well with my situation and I am confident that if admitted for the program, I will make the best out of it. I implore and beseech you to consider my application and grant me a chance into this program so that I can get an opportunity to fulfil both my short-term and long-term career goals of prospecting into the business world. I look forward to your positive feedback. Thank you in advance.

Mona Lisa Free Essays

The Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci is the most famous painting in the world.   In fact, it is the most popular work of art in history.   Millions of people have visited the Louvre to view it. We will write a custom essay sample on Mona Lisa or any similar topic only for you Order Now    Though it has been created in the 16th century, it has continued to be controversial at present.   This research paper aims to discuss the history of the painting, and the recent developments around it. It is believed that Leonardo da Vinci began painting the Mona Lisa in 1503 (â€Å"History†).   The painting was finished four years after (â€Å"History†).   It was said that the painting was purchased by King Francois of France in 1516 for 4,000 coins of gold (â€Å"History†; Blake).   Francois I invited Leonardo to France â€Å"to work at Clos Lucà ©,† and the latter died after three years (Wallis 226; Blake).   The painting was eventually included in the monarch’s art collection, and was placed in the royal bathroom (Wallis 226). There had been speculation that the painting was reduced after Leonardo’s death, and that it originally had two columns on the sides (â€Å"History†).   However, art experts refute this claim.   During the French Revolution, it was said that Napoleon had placed the painting in his bedroom in Tuileries Palace (Blake).   Soon after, it was returned to the Lourve.   The Mona Lisa was temporarily hidden in a location in France in the duration of the Franco-Prussian War and World War II (Blake).   In 1963, the painting was brought to Washington, and was insured for $100 million dollars (Wallis 226).   At present, the painting can still be found in the museum, and is currently a property of the French government.   The painting also has a duplicate, which can be found in Dulwich Picture Gallery (â€Å"History†). In 1911, the Mona Lisa was stolen from the Louvre (Rosenberg 1).   The exact date of the theft was August 21st, but it was only the day after when the authorities noticed that the painting was missing (Rosenberg 1).   It was a painter who first discovered that the Mona Lisa was missing.   The painting was hung on Salon Carrà © of the Lourve and could be found between two other paintings: â€Å"The Mystic Marriage of Saint Catherine† by Correggio and â€Å"The Allegory of Alfonso d’Avalos† by Titian (Rosenberg 1). On August 22nd, Louis Bà ©roud only found iron pegs on the wall; the painting was missing (Rosenberg 1). On September 7th that same year, French poet Guillaume Apollinaire was arrested (Rosenberg 2).   He was considered a suspect simply because he was a friend of a known artifact thief named Gà ©ry Pià ©ret (Rosenberg 2).   He was released five days later.   Even world-famous painter Pablo Picasso was considered a suspect (Blake).   Two years had passed before there was any development regarding the theft (Rosenberg 2). In 1913, an antique dealer named Alfredo Geri placed an ad in the newspaper, stating that he was interested in purchasing art pieces (Rosenberg 3).   The thief responded to the ad and introduced himself as Leonardo Vincenzo, and he told Geri he had the Mona Lisa (Rosenberg 3).  Ã‚   Leonardo Vincenzo is actually Vincenzo Peruggia, a former Lourve employee (Rosenberg 3).   He worked in the museum in 1908, but he was still recognized by the museum’s security at the time of the theft.   He took the painting from the salon, proceeded to the staircase and detached the painting from its frame.   He hid the Mona Lisa under his smock, and left the museum unnoticed (Rosenberg 3). The Mona Lisa is an oil painting that measures at only 31 x 21 inches (Blake).   The painting is placed on a â€Å"poplar wooden panel† (Blake).   Leonardo used the sfumato method in painting the Mona Lisa (Blake).   In Italian, the term â€Å"sfumato† is â€Å"blended†; the word was derived from â€Å"fumo,† which means â€Å"smoke† (Blake). The Mona Lisa is a painting of a seated woman clothed in Florentine dress, against the backdrop of mountains (Blake).   It is the woman’s smile and gaze that have created much buzz around the painting.   The woman was said to be smiling because â€Å"the corners of her mouth was lifted† (Sebe qtd. in Campbell 51). As for her gaze, when the viewer looks unto her eyes, it seems like the woman in the painting is following the viewer’s gaze (â€Å"History†).   However, if there was one thing that brought much controversy to the painting, it would be the woman’s identity. The painting is also referred to as â€Å"La Gioconda† (Blake).   â€Å"Gioconda† in Italian means â€Å"light-hearted woman† (Blake).   The identity of the woman in the painting had been debated upon for centuries, and several speculations have arisen.   According to Maike Vogt-Là ¼erssen, Isabella of Aragon is the woman in the painting (Blake).   This is because her green dress has a pattern that implies membership in the â€Å"house of Visconti-Sforza† (Blake).  Ã‚   Vogt-Là ¼erssen also saw a likeness between the pictures of Isabella and the woman on the painting. On the other hand, Dr. Lilian Schwartz hints that the woman in the painting may not actually be a woman; rather, it may be Leonardo himself (Blake).   This conclusion was derived from a digital analysis of the painting and Leonardo’s portrait, which was found to have been painted in a similar style. It was only until recently that the identity of the woman in the painting was revealed.   In January 2008, Heidelberg University academics have proven that the woman in the painting was Lisa Gherardini del Giocondo (Lorenzi 1).   The proof was found on the margins of a book, and derived from notes by Agostino Vespucci in October 1503 (Lorenzi 1). Vespucci was a friend of Leonardo; in his notes, he stated that Leonardo was working on several paintings, which included that of Lisa del Giocondo (Lorenzi 1).   Lisa was the wife of a silk merchant from Florence named Francesco del Giocondo (Lorenzi 1).   That is the reason why Mona Lisa is the name of the painting; it means Madam Lisa, since â€Å"mona† means â€Å"madam† or â€Å"my lady† in Italian (â€Å"History†). The mystery of the painting may have been revealed, but this surely does not diminish the public’s interest in the Mona Lisa.   It has been one of the most significant artworks in history, and will continue to do so in centuries to come. WORKS CITED Blake, Diana. â€Å"The Mona Lisa.† Art History Site. 2008. BellaOnline. 1 April 2008 ;http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art18406.asp;. Campbell, Michael. â€Å"What’s Behind The Smile?† Arts Antiques October 2006: 51. â€Å"History Pictures Of The Mona Lisa By Leonardo Da Vinci.† Art History Guide. 1 April 2008 http://www.arthistoryguide.com/Mona_Lisa.aspx. Lorenzi, Rossella. â€Å"Mona Lisa’s Identity Confirmed by Document.† Discovery News. 2008. Discovery Communications. 1 April 2008 ;http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2008/01/16/mona-lisa-identity.html;. Rosenberg, Jennifer. â€Å"The Mona Lisa Was Stolen!† About.com. 2008. The New York Times Company. 1 April 2008 ;http://history1900s.about.com/od/famouscrimesscandals/a/monalisa.htm;. Wallis, Denis. Why in the World? Australia: Reader’s Digest Pty Limited, 1994.       How to cite Mona Lisa, Essay examples Mona Lisa Free Essays Painted by internationally renowned artist Leonardo da Vinci, Mona Lisa, is one of the considered milestones in the field of art. Mona Lisa has a dimension of   77 Ãâ€" 53 cm, 30 Ãâ€" 21 inches. It was painted in a canvas by using oil as a medium and was made in Italy but was later moved to France. We will write a custom essay sample on Mona Lisa or any similar topic only for you Order Now Entitled, Mona Lisa, the artwork is a portrait of a woman which has been said and considered as a signifier of being a woman. The painting is also one of the most talked-about and controversial up to today even if it was made in as early as the 16th century. More so, the painting has been evoking different kinds of interpretations. If the work was not treated as it is now, I think, the interpretation of course would also change. If Mona Lisa was laughing in the painting, the mystery behind the classical painting would not an issue. The painting might not even be popular as it is today. The controversial painting is also capable of evoking feelings. The smile of the subject in Da Vinci’s artwork has been a topic of debate among those who already viewed the painting. There are actually different feelings that could be evoked dependent on who views the painting. But I think the painting suggests a very calm emotion. Meanwhile, going on the formal elements of the art work, the painter used a â€Å"pyramid design† in coming up with the painting. This means that the painter merely placed his subject within a calm space in the painting. The composition of the painting itself suggested an ambiguous effect which caused the viewers to have different interpretations. The darker elements in the painting like the hair and the veil practically served as the frame in the portrait. Also, the painting appeared to have a graceful atmosphere due to the lines employed in the painting. There were blurred lines to inject, perhaps, additional effects. The line, also, regulated the composition as a whole and made the painting more excellent as they were artistically done to succumb to the traditions of doing an art work. The space in the painting would serve as the â€Å"breathing room† of the subject. Without enough space, the shape would be difficult to distinguish or see. On the other hand, the dark and light tones served as an indicator for the viewer which aspect of the painting did the painter intended to emphasize in his work. In this case, lighter tones in Mona Lisa’s face were used to convey that the face was the very subject of the art work. The tonal contrast was also held in minimum. Shadows of brown were predominantly employed in the art work. The imaginary landscape in the subject’s background appeared to be important also. The texture of the painting, especially Mona Lisa’s face deserved to be scrutinized carefully. The texture was very unique and different. In addition, the painting has a balanced symmetry which gave an impression of formality. Likewise, there was a significant visual rhythm like the subject’s background. The elements of the art work seem proportional. The tones of the painting made it easier to glean what the emphasis of the painting was. If there were pure dark tones, it would be hard to identify which was the focus of the painting; hence, there would be a different interpretation. Generally, the artist’s choice of the medium has an impact on the presentation of the unified art work. The medium, of course, was chosen for the painter to give effects that would be most effective in his chosen medium. Mona Lisa was just talking about a woman—or could be viewed the women of the society as a whole. The content could mean power and reverence to women as opposed by the fragile-appearing subject.   The intention of the artist is to project how calm a woman is—and how mysterious a woman could be. The colors that were chosen, the choice of light and dark tones were enough justifications for the intentions of the painter. The art work itself is a symbolism for feminism as claimed by some researchers. Other than that, no other underpinning meanings could be inferred from the work. The title was said to be from the name of the wife the wealthy Francesco del Giocondo. He was a wealthy Florentine whose wife’s name was Lisa Gherardini. Meanwhile, â€Å"Mona† refers to Madam. Francesco was a friend of the painter’s father. The painting did not seem to convey any significant social issue. It was a portrait for the sake of aesthetics, per se.   For me, the painting is a symbol of being a woman; a fragile and clam woman to be exact—who should be revered in the society. Reference: Associated Press, 19 January 2007.’Mona Lisa’ died in 1542, was buried in convent, Yahoo! News. Retrieved January 19, 2007. Cohen, P. (2004, June 23). Noisy secret of Mona Lisa’s smile. New Scientist. Journal reference: Vision Research (vol 44, p 1493). Retrieved on June 20, 2006. de Martino, M. (2003). Mona Lisa – Who is hidden behind the woman with the moustache? Retrieved on June 20, 2006.                How to cite Mona Lisa, Essay examples Mona Lisa Free Essays The Mona Lisa is one of the most famous and intriguing painting of all time. This painting was created by Leonardo da Vinci in 1503 to 1504. This painting is oil on panel and is 77 X 53 cm (Phaidon, 1994). We will write a custom essay sample on Mona Lisa or any similar topic only for you Order Now This is a very naturalistic painting and is the greatest painting created in the renaissance era. The Mona Lisa has been one of the most debated paintings of all time. The look on the face of the women in this painting leaves a person’s mind wondering. No one really knows what this mysterious woman is thinking or feeling. Is she in love, sad or scared? hese questions will never be answered. This is what makes this painting so famous. The smirk on the face of the Mona Lisa is the key to making the painting so interesting. The second part that makes the painting so interesting is who the Mona Lisa is, was she Leonardo’s love, mistress, friend or a maid. One of the more wondered questions today is if the Mona Lisa is a man dressed as a woman or a woman (Phaidon, 1994). All these small details make the painting stand out by being different and remarkable. Leonardo created this painting using all the elements and principles of art. The Mona Lisa has a very classical composition. A person is so intrigued by the painting that their eyes never leave the canvas. This painting is so special because of the type of color that Da Vinci created. This type of painting is called Sfumato, which is a type of shading that allowed him to shade differently (Phaidon, 1994). The color is a darker Hue, which also makes the painting even more interesting and Da Vinci has used a large amount of warm color. The lines in this painting are very precise and on point. The Mona Lisa has a geometric shape to it, the woman being the center focusing point in the painting. This painting was created with a symmetrical balance and the rhythm of the painting is very flowing, only having one basic focusing point (Wikipedia , 2009). . The Mona Lisa is a very strong piece of visual art. The fact that there is simply just one woman and nothing to compare her to painting makes her even more interesting. She is judged and studied in so many different ways because of the fact that she is smirking and her smoldering eyes. In a way the weaknesses of the painting might also be this. There will be no way to ever tell what the Mona Lisa is thinking or what she is staring at in such a way that a person can’t take their eyes from it. This painting is going to be discussed and studied by people for years and years to come. The mystery and the theories behind the painting are what is going to keep it so interesting to people for years to come. The lines and composition help the picture be so eye catching and creative. This beautiful painting will continue being an artistic mysterious to the rest of the world for the rest of time. How to cite Mona Lisa, Papers Mona Lisa Free Essays I have chosen the Mona Lisa to analyze. The portrait of Mona Lisa is also known as La Giaconda, she was the wife of Francesco del Giaconda. This painting was done in oil paints on poplar wood by Leonardo ad Vinci from the year 1503 to 1506. We will write a custom essay sample on Mona Lisa or any similar topic only for you Order Now The dimensions of this painting are 76. 2 x 53. 3 CM. The painting is now in the Muse du Louvre in Paris. The Mona Lisa is a painting of a woman, dressed in a dark green dress with her hands overlapping. The background of the painting is a mountainous landscape. The whole painting is a remarkable example of Leonardo suffuse technique of painting. Suffuse is the blurred outline and mellowed colors that allow one form to merge with another and always leave something to our imagination. This is a technique that only Leonardo perfected. Other famous painters such as Van Eyes, Antenna, and Poetical tried, but were unsuccessful in duplicating Leonardo technique. The Mona Lisa has been analyzed over and over by many intelligent people who have theories about the painting, and TTS mysterious appearance. It is the expression on the face of the Mona Lisa that seems to be attractive yet distant; these qualities have given the portrait universal fame. Leonardo deliberately used suffuse technique in the corners of the mouth and around the eyes leaving them indistinct by letting them merge into a soft shadow. What strikes us first about the Mona Lisa is the amazing degree to which she looks alive. She really seems to look at us and to have a mind of her own. Like a living Ewing, she seems to change before our eyes and to look a little different each time she is viewed. This is one of the reasons that the Mona Lisa is greatly admired, and is copied all over the world. If we look carefully at the Mona Lisa we will see that the two sides do not quite match. This is most obvious in the landscape in the background. The horizon on the left side seems to lie much lower that the one on the right. When we look at the left side of the woman she appears to be taller than if we look at the right side. Her face seems to change depending which side we are focusing on, because even here the two sides do not match. Many years ago people looked at portraits with wonder, because they had thought that in preserving the likeness the artist could preserve the soul of the person. In my opinion the Mona Lisa was a turning point in the art of expression, because of suffuse technique of Leonardo do Vinci. Today the Mona Lisa is still one of the most beautiful, and mysterious works of art, as it is still being analyzed to this day. Mona Lisa By Stretches How to cite Mona Lisa, Papers Mona Lisa Free Essays The Mona Lisa The Mona Lisa is 16th century oil painting created by the renowned Leonardo da Vinci. The work of art depicts an enigmatic woman gazing at the viewer, and it is said that if you move across the room while looking into her eyes, they’ll follow you. It is definitely one of the most popular paintings worldwide and has been the center of many artistic, religious, and theoretical debates. We will write a custom essay sample on Mona Lisa or any similar topic only for you Order Now The French government currently owns the Mona Lisa and it is featured at the Musee du Louvre in Paris. The painting can also be referred to as La Gioconda or La Joconde. The name of the painting stems from the name of the woman in the portrait, Lisa Gherardini, the wife of a wealthy businessman in Florence, Italy named Francesco del Giocondo. Mona means ‘my lady’ or ‘madam’ in modern Italian, so the title is simply Madam Lisa. Art historians agree that Leonardo da Vinci likely began painting the Mona Lisa in 1503, and completed it within 4 years. In 1516 the King of France, King Francois, bought the painting and it is thought that after Leonardo’s death the painting was cut down. Some speculators think that the original had columns on both sides of the lady, whereas other art critics believe that the painting was never cut down in size. It has been suggested that there were 2 versions of the Mona Lisa painting, but many historians reject the second version. The duplicate copy can be found at the Dulwich Picture Gallery. After the French revolution the painting was moved to the Louvre, and Napoleon had it placed in his bedroom for a short time before it was returned to the Louvre. The popularity of the Mona Lisa increased in the mid 19th century because of the Symbolist movement. The painting was thought to encompass a sort of feminine mystique. Spoliarium Painting by Juan Luna An oil painting on poplar, the Spoliarium was painted by  Juan Luna  in Rome in 1884, winning the second prize at the Madrid Academy Exhibition of Oil Paintings. The Municipality of Barcelona purchased this chef d? oeuvre for the City Hall. It is arguably the most internationally renowned piece of modern Filipino art. Today, it can be viewed in the main gallery located on he ground floor of the National Museum of the Philippines. The  Spoliarium  is very large, measuring four meters in height and seven meters in width. The painting depicts the bodies of dead gladiators   being dragged from a Roman arena. On the left side are spectators, while on the far right is a woman with her back turned to the scene, her back partially uncovered. The painting’s title is often misspe lled as Spolarium. In ancient Rome, the word  spoliarium  referred to the Coliseum’s morgue. Girl Before A Mirror, 1903 by Pablo Picasso This painting was painted in March 1932. It was produced in the style Picasso was using at the time and evoked an image of Vanity such as had been utilized in art in earlier eras, though Picasso shifts the emphasis and creates a very different view of the image. The work is considered in terms of the erotic in Picasso’s art, and critics in different periods have offered their assessments of the work to show a wide range of reactions. The young girl was named Marie Therese Walter and was painted multiple times during the 1930’s by Picasso. â€Å"Girl Before a Mirror† was painted during Picasso’s cubism period. Picasso was an artist that was very bold with his artwork. Even with backgrounds that are normally placed to be a backdrop and mainly they’re to assist the main subject. He includes it within the painting to make it just as intense as the main focal point of the image. When you look closely at the image, you can interpret many different symbols within different parts of the painting. The woman’s face for one; is painted with a side profile and a full frontal image. One side shows the day time where she seems more like a woman, dolled up with her make up done. The other side with the rough charcoal texture portrays her at night. When she takes off the mask of makeup, and is more vulnerable as a young lady. One way of interpreting the painting is when the woman looks at herself in the mirror; she is seeing herself as an old woman. From the green discoloration on her forehead, darkening of her facial features to the lines that show that her young body has been distorted, and gravity has taken its rightful place. Another way of viewing the painting is that she is self-conscious, and she sees all the flaws in herself that the world doesn’t see. ————————————————- The Last Supper  (Leonardo da Vinci) The Last Supper| | Artist| Leonardo da Vinci| Year| 1495–1498| Type| tempera  on  gesso,  pitch  and  mastic| Dimensions| 460  cm ? 880  cm (181  in ? 346  in)| Location| Santa Maria delle Grazie,  Milan| The Last Supper  (Italian:  Il Cenacolo  or  L’Ultima Cena) is a 15th centurymural  painting in  Milan  created by  Leonardo da Vinci  for his patron  DukeLudovico Sforza  and his duchess  Beatrice d’Este. It represents the scene of  The Last Supper  from the final days of  Jesus  as it is told in theGospel of John  13:21, when Jesus announces that one of his  Twelve Disciples  would betray him. ———————————————— The painting The Last Supper  measures 450 ? 870 cm (15  feet ? 29  ft) and covers an end wall of the dining hall at the monastery of  Santa Maria delle Grazie  in Milan,  It aly. The theme was a traditional one for  refectories, although the room was not a refectory at the time that Leonardo painted it. The main church building had only recently been completed (in 1498), but was remodeled by  Bramante, hired by  Ludovico Sforza  to build a Sforza family mausoleum. The painting was commissioned by Sforza to be the centerpiece of the mausoleum. The  lunettes  above the main painting, formed by the triple arched ceiling of the refectory, are painted with  Sforza  coats-of-arms. The opposite wall of the refectory is covered by the  Crucifixion  fresco by  Giovanni Donato da Montorfano, to which Leonardo added figures of the Sforza family in tempera. (These figures have deteriorated in much the same way as has  The Last Supper. ) Leonardo began work on  The Last Supper  in 1495 and completed it in 1498—he did not work on the painting continuously. This beginning date is not certain, as â€Å"the archives of the convent have been destroyed and our meagre documents date from 1497 when the painting was nearly finished. †Ã‚  One story goes that a prior from the monastrey complained to Leonardo about the delay, enraging him. He wrote to the head of the monastery, explaining he had been struggling to find the perfect villainous face for Judas, and that if he could not find a face corresponding with what he had in mind, he would use the features of the prior who complained. The Last Supper specifically portrays the reaction given by each apostle when Jesus said one of them would betray him. All twelve apostles have different reactions to the news, with various degrees of anger and shock. The apostles are identified from a  manuscript (The Notebooks of Leonardo Da Vinci  p. 232) with their names found in the 19th century. (Before this, only Judas, Peter, John and Jesus were positively identified. ) From left to right, according to the apostles heads: * Bartholomew,  James, son of Alphaeus  and  Andrew  form a group of three, all are surprised. Judas Iscariot,  Peter  and  John  form another group of three. Judas is wearing green and blue and is in shadow, looking rather withdrawn and taken aback by the sudden revelation of his plan. He is clutching a small bag, perhaps signifying the silver given to him as payment to betray Jesus, or perhaps a reference to his role within the 12 disciples as treasurer. [7]  He is also tipping over t he salt shaker. This may be related to the near-Eastern expression to â€Å"betray the salt† meaning to betray one’s Master. He is the only person to have his elbow on the table and his head is also horizontally the lowest of anyone in the painting. Peter looks angry and is holding a knife pointed away from Christ, perhaps foreshadowing his violent reaction in Gethsemane during Jesus’ arrest. The youngest apostle, John, appears to swoon. * Jesus. * Apostle  Thomas,  James the Greater  and  Philip  are the next group of three. Thomas is clearly upset; James the Greater looks stunned, with his arms in the air. Meanwhile, Philip appears to be requesting some explanation. * Matthew,  Jude Thaddeus  and  Simon the Zealot  are the final group of three. Both Jude Thaddeus and Matthew are turned toward Simon, perhaps to find out if he has any answer to their initial questions. In common with other depictions of The Last Supper from this period, Leonardo seats the diners on one side of the table, so that none of them have their backs to the viewer. Most previous depictions excluded Judas by placing him alone on the opposite side of the table from the other eleven disciples and Jesus or placing halos around all the disciples except Judas. Leonardo instead has Judas lean back into shadow. Jesus is predicting that his betrayer will take the bread at the same time he does to Saints Thomas and James to his left, who react in horror as Jesus points with his left hand to a piece of bread before them. Distracted by the conversation between John and Peter, Judas reaches for a different piece of bread not noticing Jesus too stretching out with his right hand towards it (Matthew 26: 23). The angles and lighting draw attention to Jesus, whose head is located at the  vanishing point  for all perspective lines. The painting contains several references to the number 3, which represents the Christian belief in the Holy Trinity. The Apostles are seated in groupings of three; there are three windows behind Jesus; and the shape of Jesus’ figure resembles a triangle. There may have been other references that have since been lost as the painting deteriorated. ————————————————- Medium Leonardo da Vinci painted  The Last Supper  on a dry wall rather than on wet  plaster, so it is not a true  fresco. Because a fresco cannot be modified as the artist works, Leonardo instead chose to seal the stone wall with a layer of  pitch,  gesso  and  mastic, then paint onto the sealing layer with  tempera. Because of the method used, the piece began to deteriorate a few years after Leonardo finished it. INA AT ANAK Fernando Amorsolo is one of The Greatest Filipino Painters of all time. He has done numerous paintings which has catched the fancy of many people. One of his masterpieces is the painting â€Å"Ina at Anak†. If we translate the title into English, it means Mother and Child. This painting shows to us the love between the mother and child. It shows to us the bond that exists between the two. It is often said that nothing encompasses the love between a mother and a child. From birth, the mother has paintakingly taken care of her child, giving him food, shelter, and clothing. From the long hours of labor in the delivery room to the time the child sets foot in College, the mother is there, supporting and caring for her child. This painting clearly shows how much a mother cares for her child. As seen in the painting, the mother carefully hold her child, making sure that she has a firm hold on him so that he won’t be in any danger. A mother will even go to the point of sacrificing her own life for the sake of her child. That is how much a mother loves her child. Amorsolo manificently depicted the bond between a mother and a child in this painting. How to cite Mona Lisa, Essay examples

Management strategies for higher education - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Management strategies for higher education. Answer: Introduction In this report as a consultant I have taken Room division department to explain role of outsource services and how an organisation can be benefitted from outsourcing. Room division department is the main source of revenue generation. It is the largest department, as it includes combination of departments such as front desk, reservations, housekeeping and laundry department. Some hotels include laundry service in housekeeping department, while some have separate department. The room division department provides all the services expected by guests during their stay (Beckers, Voordt Dewulf, 2015). Room division is a part of accommodation management. The accommodation has important role in the overall experience of travellers. It is a big part of travellers expenditure. The department provides accommodation according to the taste and budget of guests. It is the responsibility of department to train staff and maintain quality standards. The department collects the largest revenue from th e sale of guest rooms. The role and functions of room division department are explained. The report also explains the role and need of customers. The benefits and drawbacks of using outsourcing in department are also discussed. Room division department Room division is the department which first contact with customers. It is the prime job of department to make guests comfortable. The majority of the revenue of hotels is collected from the room division department. The division is composed of four different departments: Front office is usually located at the entrance of hotel. It registers guests, assigns rooms and keeps record of their check-in and check-out. The front office also includes cash section. The department is responsible to coordinate with guests and fulfilling their needs. The guest relies on the department throughout their stay for service. It also prepares summary of all department revenues. The reservation department is responsible for receiving and processing reservation. The staff maintains reservation records and tracks availability of rooms to make sure that no date is overbooked. The reservation can be done by telephone, travel agents and walk-in. The guests usually prefer to do reservation online as nobody want to wait. The department considers two type of reservation- confirmed and guaranteed (Gssling Lane, 2015). Housekeeping department is responsible for cleanliness of rooms, washrooms and public area. The department employs large number of people. The staff takes charge of bed-making and take care of press control. The staff makes stay of guests pleasant by taking care of them from check-in to check-out. Managing linen is also important task of staff. The laundry department coordinates with housekeeping department to know the daily needs of laundry. The department ensures that the quality of sheets, napkins and towels is maintained. It also keeps check on the laundry and removes the stained clothes. It keeps stock of material and linen required for daily operation. Role, task and functions of room division Room division department provides every type of service desired by employees to make their stay convenient and memorable. It is the first department where guest approaches. It contributes maximum revenue and profits. The department assigns work to supervisors and prepares all the necessary documents required for the day to day operation. The functions of room division can be understand by its departments. Front office: The guests rely on front office throughout their stay. The functions of department are The department register guests and assign them rooms. Keeps record of check-in and check-out of guests. Provides information about the accommodation and attraction to guests. Provides every kind of service required by guests. It performs book keeping duties by balancing cash accounts. Schedules staff in different departments of hotel. Handles complain and request of guests. Reservation: The reservation can be done online or by telephone and walk-in. The department ensures availability of rooms by keeping check on the availability of rooms. The functions performed by the department are: The department assures availability of room by guaranteed reservation. The department provides the room even the guest arrives late (Farzadnia Giles, 2015). It makes arrival of guests easy by doing reservation on real time. Avoid customer resentment of being overcharged. Housekeeping: It takes charge of cleaning in accommodation. The department employs large number of employees. The functions can be prescribed as: The staff of cleaning ensures cleaning of rooms, lobby, washrooms and public area. The pest control service is also performed by the department. Takes care of equipment needed in accommodation and carries repair work whenever required. Takes charge of bed making to provide extra comfort to guests. The department handles keys of room before check-in and after check-out of guests. Ensures safety by taking care of the belongings of guests. Laundry: The department manages the linen supply. It includes supply of napkins, towel, bathrobe and bed sheets. It also provides stream pressing service to guests. It performs the function of dry-cleaning for guests. It manages the supply of linen for housekeeping staff. The department also takes care of the uniform of staff in hotel. Role of customer and customer needs It is essential to fulfil need of customers to attain loyalty of customers. It is the only thing which can bring a customer back. The major duty of department is to provide service to customers. In result it can create positive experience. If any customer complaints, the department immediately tries to resolve the problem so that they do not face any problem. The guests first interact at front office, which is a part of room division (Jones Giacon, 2017). It maintains account of guests from their arrival to stay and departure. The reservation department confirms the availability of rooms. It allots rooms to the customers who have already registered. The department also provides guaranteed reservation. The housekeeping is the also one of the departments of room division. It ensures cleaning of accommodation. There are some other tasks which are performed by them such as pest controlling, linen management and repairing equipment (Harder, Wagner Rash, 2016). At last, the laundry depar tment makes available linen such as towel, napkins and bed sheets. The department also takes charge of washing and dry cleaning linen. Torn and damaged linen are dumped by the department. It also carries laundry function for guests. The needs of customers are: Deliver what was promised: It has been always important to keep customers happy and engaged. To make sure visit of customers again, it is important to deliver what was promised. The front office management takes charge of it. Conducts reservation inquiry: The reservation department conducts reservation inquiry. The room also determines the availability and rate of rooms. The customers can easily resolve their inquiry at reservation department (Sal, et. al. 2014). The department is responsible for maintaining reservation record. Cleanliness and hygiene: A high standard of cleanliness is maintained in the accommodation by housekeeping department to keep customers engaged. It puts positive impact on guests. Hygiene is maintained in the washrooms and public area. Laundry services: The staff of laundry department handles laundry of accommodation and in some cases guest laundry is also handled. The department also carries task of cleaning linen such as washing and ironing. It also takes charge of purchasing linen (Ofodile, 2015). Steps taken by Accommodation manager Accommodation manager makes all the necessary arrangements for the training of staff to ensure efficient working of accommodation. Accommodation manger is responsible for the safety of guests who make visit to hotel. Monitors the performance of department by investigation. Analyse the service provided by the departments. Takes room division and operations meeting (Zhu Sun, 2017). Determines the price of rooms. Reviews arrival and departure of the day. Outsourcing Outsourcing is contracting with companies to facilitate activities of organisation. It holds competitive advantage. Outsourcing can be used to reduce costs and improve efficiency. Laundry, horticulture and pest control are the areas where department can easily outsource services. A department can better focus on the performance by outsourcing its activities. The senior manager has been advised by the consultant to outsource companies. The service provided by outsource companies is professional and ensures growth and development. Outsourcing is feasible for room division department. The staff employed by outsource companies is expert and reduces the burden in front office management (Pathumporn Nakapaksin, 2016). The department can save the time of recruiting staff by contracting with outsource companies. The department can save the time of training as the staff recruited by such companies is already trained. It is also seen that staff recruited by outsource companies is good in main taining reservation system and laundry department. The tough decision in outsourcing is to choose the relevant company which is serving from years. Benefits of outsourcing are: Expert staff: The staff provided by the outsource companies has usually better understanding of front office management and are expert in performing their tasks (Panke, Svede Jaschinski, 2017). Cost saving: Outsourcing helps in saving costs, taxes, resources and time. The department does not have need to conduct session for recruitments. The hotel just contacts to the outsource companies and it makes available the staff in short span of time and at less prices (lvarez-Garca, et. al. 2017). Customer satisfaction: It has seen that the guests are more satisfied when the staff is skilled and expert. As they wisely handle problem and request of customers. Such staff is bound to perform certain level of service and quality. No investment: The department do not have need to invest capital for equipment. There is always availability of cash for conducting activities. In the laundry department, the hotel does not have need to maintain machines for washing and dry cleaning. Drawbacks of outsourcing are: Lack of stability: Outsourced staff kept on changing due to lack of stability. Staff leaves the contract in between order for better opportunities. They also do not have authority to get their problem solved by room division department so it leads to drop their job. Quality service: Sometimes the staff allocated in the department is not able to perform duties well. That staff may be expert in activities of particular department. So, their skill should be judged sensibly by the outsourced companies (Dimalibot, et. al. 2014). Loyalty and ethics: The staff is not loyal when it comes to providing service to second party. They use inferior products and it may affect environment. Their work is also unethical. Higher risk: Outsourcing can sometimes lead to risk and illegal activities. As, sometimes the staff can be involved in some unlawful acts. It is also seen that he staff is also not skilled in the specific section (Mitchell, 2016). Recommendations It has been noticed that the hotels can perform effectively by using outsource companies. It helps in gaining competitive advantage. By outsourcing the hotels are able to get quality manpower and specialised services. The staff provided by companies is expert which increases efficiency of departments. The hotels have been successful to save cost of equipment by outsourcing company. The staff competently handles reservation system. They are taught professionally by such companies. It reduces the work load of department by providing better services (Micelotta, 2014). The departments can focus on departments in better way and can get better opportunities in the market. It is also helpful in controlling managerial activities. Outsourcing gives a different recognition in the market. Conclusion From this report it has been concluded that room division department provides expert service by its different departments such as front office, reservation, housekeeping and laundry department. These departments take care of customers from their check-in to check-out. It fulfils the need of customers above their expectation level which results in positive experience of customers. Outsourcing is also used by the departments to provide better service to guests (Gssling, Hall Andersson, 2016). It helps in reducing cost and resources of accommodation. It saves time of recruiting staff. The department uses time in better activities which boosts sale of rooms. References lvarez-Garca, J., lvarez-Garca, J., del Ro-Rama, M.D.L.C., del Ro-Rama, M.D.L.C., Simonetti, B. and Simonetti, B., 2017. Quality management and customer results: the tourist accommodation sector in Spain.International Journal of Quality Reliability Management,34(5), pp.701-719. Beckers, R., Voordt, D.V.D. and Dewulf, G., 2015. Management strategies for aligning higher education accommodation with the user needs.Journal of corporate real estate,17(2), pp.80-97. Dimalibot, G.A., Diokno, J.D., Icalla, M.F., Mangubat, M.R.C. and Villapando, L.C., 2014. Employment Status of the Tourism Graduates of Batch 2013 in Lyceum of the Philippines University-Batangas.Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research,11(1), pp.46-56. Farzadnia, S. and Giles, H., 2015. Patient-provider health interactions: A communication accommodation theory perspective.International Journal of Society, Culture Language,3(2), p.17. Gssling, S. and Lane, B., 2015. Rural tourism and the development of Internet-based accommodation booking platforms: a study in the advantages, dangers and implications of innovation.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,23(8-9), pp.1386-1403. Gssling, S., Hall, C.M. and Andersson, A.C., 2016. The manager's dilemma: a conceptualization of online review manipulation strategies.Current Issues in Tourism, pp.1-20. Harder, H.G., Wagner, S. and Rash, J., 2016.Mental illness in the workplace: Psychological disability management. Routledge. Jones, B. and Giacon, M., 2017. A work in progress: The ndis interface with a supported youth accommodation facility.Parity,30(4), p.33. Micelotta, E.R., 2014, January. Institutional Maintenance as Accommodation of Change: Open Access in Higher Education Publishing. InAcademy of Management Proceedings(Vol. 2014, No. 1, p. 11742). Academy of Management. Mitchell, T., 2016. The light duty guy an autoethnographic exploration of the discourse surrounding workplace accommodation and disability management in the Canadian mining and construction industry. Ofodile, U.E., 2015. Africa and International Arbitration: from Accommodation and Acceptance to Active Engagement.Transnational Dispute Management (TDM),12(4). Panke, K., Svede, A. and Jaschinski, W., 2017, January. Changes in physiological astigmatism of human eye during accommodation in emmetropes (Conference Presentation). InInfrared Sensors, Devices, and Applications VI(Vol. 9974, p. 99740K). International Society for Optics and Photonics. Pathumporn, J. and Nakapaksin, S., 2016. Accommodation Management For Integrated Sustainable Tourism Management.International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning,11(3), pp.236-244. Sal, A., Garriga, A., Rigall-I-Torrent, R., Vila, M. and Fluvi, M., 2014. Do implicit prices for hotels and second homes show differences in tourists valuation for public attributes for each type of accommodation facility?.International Journal of Hospitality Management,36, pp.120-129. Zhu, X. and Sun, C., 2017, January. The Positive Effect of Workplace Accommodation On Creative Performance. InAcademy of Management Proceedings(Vol. 2017, No. 1, p. 15188). Academy of Management.

Savings and Investment Essays - Finance, Money, Economy, Investment

Savings is the putting aside funds and a vehicle which returns the principal at some future point, and in the meantime delivers a rate of return in the form of interest. The principal does not gain any value, other than the interest paid out, and at the maturity or decision to liquidate the savings asset, has the beginning principal value. These vehicles are known and income producing assets. In other words there is no ?growth? aspect of savings vehicles. Investment vehicles differ in that there is not only a chance for an income, but also capital gains as well (when the underlying value of an asset increases about its face or maturity value). This security is considered to contain more risk (the possible of loss in value) than a savings security, but it does contain the possibility of an unlimited potential gain from value appreciation (growth). The individual investor must make the determination whether the safety of a guarantee savings return outweighs the riskier potential for a large return with an investment vehicle. The investment vehicle can also fall in value; the value can actually fall all the way to zero and the investment becomes worthless. A typical investor will expect a much larger potential return for the gamble to pay off versus the lesser but more certain return of a savings vehicle. Even with investment vehicles it is possible to share the risk of the potential return of investment securities. One can purchase the investment vehicle of a particular company and the fate of that investment is tied to that company?s fate and financial performance. However, pooling funds from a number of different investors can spread the risk and allow for better cost savings upon security accumulation. This is the benefit of a mutual fund. A mutual fund is created to pool together sums of money from many investors to allow for economies of scale on purchasing and sharing both the risk and reward of investment securities. Investing in a mutual fund allows for a greater spreading of the risk than investing in one or a few stocks of different companies. Diversification reduces overall risk because not all individual choices will perform well or poorly at the same time. If one does not do well, the others can make up some or all of the loss.

History of American Policing Essay

History of American Policing Essay Free Online Research Papers The development of law enforcement in colonial America was similar to that of England during the same time period. Law enforcement in colonial America was considered a local responsibility. As in England, the colonies established a system of night watch to guard cities against fire, crime, and disorder. In addition to night watch systems, there were sheriffs appointed by the governor and constables elected by the people. These individuals were responsible for maintaining order and providing other services. Nalla and Newman have described the following problems plaguing colonial cities that were considered the responsibility of the police: controlling slaves and Indians; maintaining order; regulating specialized functions such as selling in the market and delivering goods; maintaining health and sanitation; managing pests and other animals; ensuring the orderly use of vehicles; controlling liquor, gambling, vice, and weapons; and keeping watch for fires. While night watch groups were established in the northern colonies, groups of white men organized into slave patrols in the southern colonies. These slave patrols were responsible for controlling, returning, and punishing runaway slaves. The slave patrols helped to maintain the economic order in the southern colonies. These slave patrols are generally considered to be the first â€Å"modern† police organizations in this country. In 1837, Charleston, South Carolina, had a slave patrol with over one hundred officers, which was far larger than any northern city police force at that (Walker, 1999). Policing on the western frontier varied widely. According to Langworthy and Travis, settlers originally from northern colonies created marshals and police forces similar to those in northern colonies, while settlers from southern colonies developed systems with sheriffs and posses. In many western settlements, however, there was no formal organized law enforcement. In these areas, groups of vigilantes were formed by volunteer citizens to combat any threat to the order of the settlements. These groups of self-appointed law enforcers had a significant influence on collective social norms, including the lack of respect for the law, which had been haphazardly enforced primarily through vigilante violence. In the 1800s, changes in American society forced changes in law enforcement. Especially, the process of industrialization, urbanization, and immigration changed this country from a primarily homogenous agrarian society to a heterogeneous, urban one. Citizens left rural areas and flocked to the cities in search of employment. Hundreds of thousands of immigrants came to reside in America. Unsanitary living conditions and poverty characterized American cities. The poor, predominantly immigrant urban areas were plagued with increases in crime and disorder. As a direct result, a series of riots occurred throughout the 1830s in numerous American cities. Many of these riots were the result of poor living conditions, poverty, and conflicts between ethnic groups. These riots directly illustrated the need for larger and better-organized law enforcement. Both the watch systems in the north and the slave patrols in the south began to evolve into modern police organizations that were heavily infl uenced by modern departments developing in England during the same time period (Walker, 1999). The first modern police forces in America borrowed heavily from those established in England. In particular, American law enforcement agencies adopted the mission of crime prevention and control, the strategy of preventive patrol, and the quasi-military organizational design of the first modern police department established in London. In addition to these three elements, American policing borrowed other features from the British system, for example, the tradition that police have limitations on their authority (Walker, 1999). The protection of individual liberties was highly emphasized in both England and America, therefore limits were placed on governmental and police authority. This was not the case in other European countries, where, as Walker notes, police agencies were given broader powers and citizens had fewer individual liberties. Another feature borrowed from the English heritage is that of local control of police agencies. Although many other countries have one centralized, national law enforcement agency, the English and American systems do not. In the American system of law enforcement, police are controlled at the local, state, and federal level, although the majority of departments are local municipalities. A related defining feature of American policing adopted from English heritage is that of highly decentralized and fragmented system of law enforcement. According to 1993 figures, there are nearly twenty thousand different law enforcement agencies within the United States (Maguire et al.). Lack of coordination and cooperation among local law enforcement agencies is generally characteristic of the American system of law enforcement. These three elements (limited police power, lack of centralized control, and a decentralized and fragmented structure), combined with the quasi-military organizational structure of modern departments in England, describe the Anglo-Saxon model of policing. There were differences, however, between the British and American systems of law enforcement. One of the most significant differences is the absence of strong political influences over police organizations in England, compared to the strong relationship between politics and policing that existed in American policing (Walker, 1999). While police administrators in England were protected from political influence, politics heavily influenced American police agencies. In fact, policing during the nineteenth century in America has been described as inefficient, ineffective, lacking professionalism, and highly corrupt (Walker, 1999). Numerous scholars have described the evolution of policing in America. Although the historical facts are generally not disputed, the interpretation of these vents does raise some debate. Within this entry, the evolution of policing in America will be presented loosely following the framework devised by Kelling and Moore, which describes three distinct eras (political, reform, and community). As previously noted, American policing in the late nineteenth century was plagued with political influence. Local politicians used positions on the police force to reward their supporters after an election. Therefore the ethnic and religious composition of police forces often reflected the groups who had local political influence. In addition, positions and promotions on local police forces could be bought. For example, Walker (1999) notes that in New York City, â€Å"a $300 payment to the Tammany Hall political machine was the only requirement for appointment to the force†. There was little or no training given to officers, no recruitment standards to speak of, and no job security because officers could be hired or fired at will. Corruption was a major characteristic of policing during this time period. Low-ranking officers, high-ranking police officials, and sometimes even entire departments were involved in corruption and misconduct. Patrol officers often accepted bribes t o not enforce laws controlling moral crimes (e.g., drinking, gambling, and prostitution). This type of corruption was well known and pervasive. Police work during this time period has been described as hopelessly inefficient due to officers’ reliance on foot patrol with no effective communication system and little direct supervision. Officers often evaded work due to the lack of official oversight and citizens had difficulty contacting the police because the officers could not be located on their beats. However, police did provide a variety of social services to citizens, including feeding the hungry and housing the homeless. For example, Whitehouse reports that the Boston Police Department during the 1800s was responsible for a variety of public services, which included lodging the homeless, removing dirt and garbage, and checking every household daily for cases of cholera. Other urban departments also routinely housed the homeless and looked after wayward youths. Walker, however, cautions against the â€Å"myth that officers were friendly, knowledgeable about the neighborhood, and helpful† (1999). He suggests that due to the high turnover of police officers and residential mobility, officers were unlikely to have close relations with people in their neighborhood. Furthermore, he suggests that police frequently used physical force and enjoyed little citizen respect. During this time period, increases in citizen violence finally led to the adoption of weapons carried by police officers. The nostalgic interpretation of police as friendly neighborhood characters walking the beat has led some scholars to caution that the good old days were not that good (Walker,1984). Surprisingly, the daily duties of patrol officers during this time did not differ significantly from activities performed by patrol officers today. The diary of a patrol officer from the Boston Police Department in 1895 describes most of his time spent responding to minor problems in the neighborhood and handling many problems informally (von Hoffman, 1992). It appears that officers during the political era spent little time handling major problems or serious incidents and rarely invoked the legal system. This is also true of patrol officers today. Police in America changed dramatically during the twentieth century. According to Walker (1999), three principle forces were underlying this change: the police professionalism movement, modern technologies, and the civil rights movement. Other scholars suggest that police reform was the result of investigative commissions, reform initiated by police administrators, and political reform in general (Gaines et al). In the early 1900s, a broad social and political movement in America, progressivism, was bringing attention demanding reform across a broad spectrum of social problems. Progressives believed it was the government’s responsibility to improve the living conditions of citizens. They called for the regulation of big business and corrupt local politics, changes in labor laws, and improvements across all social welfare services. Included in this larger reform effort was the professionalization of police forces. The professionalization movement sought to reform the inefficient and corrupt police agencies that had developed during the nineteenth century. During this reform era, there was a total restructuring of police departments and a redefinition of the police role due to the perceived failure of police to enforce the law (Walker, 1977). Reformers sought to eliminate political influences, hire qualified leaders, and raise personnel standards. In addition, the reform agenda called f or a mission of nonpartisan public service and restructuring of police organizations through the use of the principles of scientific management and the development of specialized units (Walker, 1999). Several prominent police reforms had a significant influence on policing during this time period. Richard Sylvester, superintendent of the Washington, D.C., Police Department from 1898 to 1915, became the national voice for police reform. He served as president of the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) and had a significant impact on the acceptance of the reform agenda across numerous departments. Similarly, August Vollmer, police chief in Berkeley, California, from 1905 to 1932, advocated the hiring of college graduates and offered the first collegiate course in police science at the University of California. Vollmer is also famous for the development of the principles of modern police administration. Advocates of the concepts of administrative efficiency sought to â€Å"centralize the authority within the police departments† and to â€Å"rationalize the procedures of command control† (Walker, 1977). The reform of police agencies during the first part of the twentieth century was very slow to develop, and in some cities the impact of early reform efforts was nonexistent. Although considerable gains were made in agencies of cities such as Cincinnati and Berkeley, reform efforts were largely ineffective in other agencies, such as those of Los Angeles and Chicago (Walker, 1977). Efforts to professionalize the police increased after the 1931 reports by the Wickersham Commission, which contained vivid descriptions of police misconduct and use of force. The Wickersham Commission Report was the first national study of the criminal justice system in America and had a significant impact on the revitalization of the reform movement. Professionalization continued under the direction of O.W. Wilson, one of Vollmer’s protà ©gà ©s. Wilson was chief of police in Wichita, Kansas, from 1928 to 1935, a professor of criminology at the University of California, and chief of the Chicago Police Department in the 1960s. Wilson had a significant impact on organizational changes within police departments during this time, largely through his textbook Police Administration (1950). Utilizing scientific principles of management, Wilson emphasized workload distribution based on calls for service and efficient management of personnel through bureaucratic design. Wilson also encouraged departments to gauge their success through measurable outcomes (numbers of arrests, citations, etc.) and rapid response to calls for service. Also influential during this time period was J. Edgar Hoover, director of the Federal Bureau of Investigations (F.B.I.). Hoover’s leadership of the F.B.I. had a direct influence on local agencies because of his portrayal of agents under his command as highly trained and educated, professional, and honest. In addition, he instituted the Bureau’s Top Ten Most Wanted List, controlled the Uniform Crime Report (UCR) system, and effectively communicated to citizens that his organization was involved in a â€Å"war on crime†. Most local departments wanted to emulate the professional F.B.I. agents and thus perpetuated the â€Å"crime fighter† image. New technologies also had a significant influence on policing in the early to mid-twentieth century. Three technologies, in particular, have revolutionized policing: the two-way radio, the patrol car, and the telephone. As previously noted, policing in the nineteenth century was characterized as ineffective and inefficient, in part because officers could not be contacted on their beats. With the advent of the two-way radio, officers could be notified about calls for service and police supervisors could contact their officers directly. This change in technology had a significant impact on the provision of services to the public and the supervision of police personnel. Likewise, the use of patrol cars in the 1920s greatly enhanced the mobility of police officers and significantly reduced their response time to calls for service from citizens. Finally, the use of the telephone allowed citizens to have direct contact with the police department. Citizens were encouraged to call the police for any type of situation and the police promised a rapid response. These new technologies also had unintended consequences on policing, the effect of which was not fully understood until much later. For example, the patrol car served to isolate patrol officers from the community. Previously, when officers patrolled on foot, they had an opportunity to engage citizens in conversations and had a familiarity with the neighborhood that was lost once officers patrolled in cars. When officers drove through neighborhoods with their windows rolled up, citizens perceived officers as outsiders in their communities. Encouraging citizens to call the police for service and promising a rapid response dramatically increased the workload of officers. Citizens began to call the police for minor problems and the police continued to respond. In addition, police were called to handle private matters that they had not been responsible for in the past. The interactions between citizens and police took on a more personal nature as police responded to citizens’ homes rather than simply patrolling and engaging citizens on the street. As described by Walker, the result of these new technologies â€Å"was a complex and contradictory change in police-citizen contacts. Whereas the patrol car isolated the police from the people on the streets, the telephone brought police officers into peoples’ living rooms, kitchens, and bedrooms. There, officers became involved in the most intimate domestic problems† (1999). The 1960s were a period characterized by much civil unrest. Citizens were dissatisfied with the social and political conditions, and particularly with the treatment of minorities. During this time, the U.S. Supreme Court decided a series of landmark cases that limited the investigative techniques used by the police officers. For example, the court decided in Mapp v. Ohio (367 U.S. 643 (1961), that evidence obtained during a search and seizure that violated citizens’ Fourth Amendment rights could not be used against them in a court of law. Dubbed the exclusionary rule, Mapp guaranteed that the fruits of an unconstitutional search could not be used during prosecution. In 1966, the court ruled in Miranda v. 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Police officers across the country responded to protestors with physical brutality, which served to increase the tension between minority groups and the police. This tension exploded in the form of riots and civil disobedience, often sparked by incidents involving the police (Walker, 1999). In response, a series of presidential commissions were ordered to investigate these issues. The most famous, the Kerner Commission investigated the causes of the nearly two hundred disorders that had taken place in 1967. The Kerner Commission reported that there was deep hostility and distrust between minorities and the police. The report recommended the hiring of more minority officers and that police practices be changed significantly. Interestingly, the commission reported that those departments that were believed to be the most â€Å"professional† were, in fact, those that had the most serious disturbances and civil unrest. This challenged many of the assumptions of the professionalism movement (National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders). Findings from social-scientific research further raised concern about the effectiveness of â€Å"professional† police departments. The American Bar Foundation’s (AFB) field observation of police in 1956-1957 reported that officers exercised large amounts of discretion during encounters with citizens. Contrary to the popular conception of police officers as â€Å"crime fighters’, studies found that officers spent most of the time maintaining order, providing services, and performing administrative tasks (Wilson; Bittner). The Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment found that increasing the level of preventive patrol within an area did not have a significant influence on the level of crime or reduce citizens’ fear of crime ( Kellin et al). A study examining the effectiveness of criminal investigations reported that the percentage of crimes cleared by arrest is relatively low, that follow-up work is often unproductive, and that most detective work involves mundane tasks and paperwork (Greenwood and Petersilia). Another study showed that increases in the response time of officers did not increase the likelihood of obtaining an arrest (Pate et al.). Evaluations of the effects of team policing ( a police tactic that involves the creation of specialized teams responsible for policing particular geographic areas) showed no influence on the level of crime (Sherman, Milton, and Kelly). Collectively, these studies suggested that current police practices were not effective in preventing crime or satisfying citizens. The 1960s police-citizen crisis, coupled with research findings from the 1970s, questioned the core philosophies underlying policing in America. In a seminal article on policing, Wilson and Kelling proposed the broken windows thesis. They argued that a broken window in an abandoned building or car is a symbol that no one cares about the property, making it ripe for criminal activity. Wilson and Kelling stressed the importance of controlling minor crimes and disorders in an effort to curb more serious crime. Making citizens feel safer and improving their quality of life should be the goal of the police. This idea sparked the development of a number of different police strategies and tactics designed to improve police-community relations. The philosophy of community policing is built upon the premise that reducing citizens’ fear of crime while forming a partnership between the police and the community is a worthwhile goal of police organizations. Particular tactics utilized in this philosophy include foot patrol, problem-solving, police substations, and community groups, among others. These tactics stress citizen satisfaction and improvements in citizens’ quality of life. In addition to changes in tactics, changes in organizational design must also accompany community policing. Police organizations are to become decentralized, flatter hierarchies with less bureaucratic control. Patrol officers at the lowest level are encouraged to be creative in their responses to problems and are given more discretion to advance their problem-solving efforts. Kelling and Moore have described the 1970s and 1980s as an era in which a shift toward community policing occurred. They suggest that community policing is a strategic change complete with changes in organizational structures, tactics, and outcomes. However, changes in organizational design appear to be more theoretical than practical. Maguire’s examination of organizational change in a sample of large departments shows that there were no significant changes in the bureaucratic structures of police agencies practicing community policing in the 1990s compared to those who were not. Although community policing and problem-solving have been popular policing strategies, some departments are utilizing zero-tolerance policies. Zero-tolerance policies encourage the use of aggressive police tactics and full enforcement of minor offenses. For example, the New York Police Department instituted zero-tolerance policies in the mid-1990s in an effort to reduce minor disorders and control crime. Based on the â€Å"broken windows† hypothesis, aggressive enforcement of minor crimes is predicted to produce the same outcomes of increasing citizen satisfaction and improving quality of life that are sought under the models of community policing. However, the tactics are very different. Community policing encourages partnership development, less frequent use of arrest, and more creative responses to particular problems. Zero-tolerance policies encourage the use of arrest and other get-tough policies. Furthermore, trends in the militarization of police have been well document ed. The number of police agencies that use police paramilitary units and special weapons and tactics teams (SWAT) has increased by over 80 percent since 1970 (Kraska and Kappeler). It is clear that the idea of the existence of a â€Å"community era† in policing is not without critics. Walker (1984) claims that scholars have misinterpreted and misused history in their descriptions of the â€Å"community era†. Williams and Murphy suggest that scholars have not attended to the obvious influences of slavery, segregation, and discrimination on policing throughout history. Somewhat surprisingly, the description and interpretation of the history of police continues to be a matter of great debate. Perhaps this is due to our need to fully understand the events of the past to effectively guide the events of the future. REFERENCES BITTNER, EGON. The Functions of the Police in Modern Society. Rockville, Md,: New York: Bobbs-Merill, 1963. GAINES, LARRY K.; KAPPELER, VICTOR E,; and VAUGHN, JOSEPH B. Policing in America. Cincinnatti, Ohio: Anderson Publishing, 1999. GREENWOOD, PETER W., and PETERSILIA, JOAN. The Criminal Investigation Process, Vol. 1, Summary and Policy Implications. Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND, 1975. KELLING, GEORGE L., et al. Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment: A Summary Report. Washington, D.C.: The Police Foundation, 1974. KRASHA, PETER B., and KAPPELER, VICTOR E. â€Å"Militarizing American Police: The Rise and Normalization of Paramilitary Units,† Social Problems 44, no.1 (1997):1-18. LANGWHORTHY, ROBERT H., and TRAVIS, LAWRENCE P., III. Policing in America: A Balance of Forces. 2d ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1999. L Research Papers on History of American Policing EssayCombating Human TraffickingThe Colour PurplePoverty, Violence and Conflict How are they Related?The Broken FamilyGlobal Distributive Justice is UtopianThe Obama Presidency EssayPuerto Rico: Music and Culture EssayAmerican Central Banking and OilEmmett Till BiographyHas the British Welfare System been

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By studying Cisco’s market dominance based on 46 billion in revenues I now understand that having a competitive advantage must be maintained. Seeing Cisco now leaving markets is a new direction for them and these concepts have brought me to understand that. REFERENCES When you have completed the paper using the above sections, insert a page break and have a separate references page. The references should be listed in accordance with the APA guidelines as shown in the tutorial. (5 points) http://www.bloomberg.com/quote/CSCO:AR (1) http://newsroom.cisco.com/documents/10157/0/Corporate+Overview+-+Q2FY12.pdf (2) http://www.theregister.co.uk/2004/07/29/cisco_huawei_case_ends/ (3) http://www.theregister.co.uk/2003/07/09/3com_welcome_to_join_ciscohuawei/(4) http://www.dailytech.com/Belkin+Plans+to+Purchase+Ciscos+Linksys+Home+Networking+Business+Unit/article29747.htm(5) http://www.cisco.com/assets/global/europe/powerofu/ucs_vs_hp_deployment.pdf(6) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juniper_Networks(7)